Subsistence and markets: emergence of local, regional and colonial markets
Mundane products: grains, livestock, textiles, hides
Multiplicity of land holdings: villages, ranchos, haciendas, estancias
Population growth spurred land conflicts, intensification of production, and proto-industry
- Population increased 50% in 17th century; 100% in 18th
- Land conflicts between villagers and neighbors, pressure from hacendados and rancheros
- proto-industry: domestic artisan products