Sample characteristics: Brazil

Census characteristics

1960

1970

1980

1991

2000

Title

VII Recenseamento Geral do Brasil. Censo Demográfico
de 1960.

VIII Recenseamento Geral do Brasil. Censo Demográfico
de 1970.

IX Recenseamento Geral do Brasil. Censo Demográfico
de 1980.

X Recenseamento Geral do Brasil. Censo Demográfico
1991.

XI Recenseamento Geral do Brasil. Censo Demográfico
2000.

Census agency

Servico Nacional de Recenseamento. Instituto
Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística

Population
universe

People who spent the night of August 31st to
September 1st, 1960, as well as the people who were temporarily
absent from the dwelling.

Also included: population in
transit (those on ships, planes, trains and buses) and people in
collective dwellings. Brazilians residing abroad, even those who
were performing official governmental functions, were not
enumerated.

The indigenous population was only partially
enumerated - only those living in villages in contact with
civilization.

September 1st, 1970, as well as the people who were temporarily
absent from the dwelling, including minors away at boarding
school.

Also included: Brazilians on diplomatic and military
missions abroad; crew and passengers of Brazilian ships that were
not in domestic ports.

Not included: members of foreign
diplomatic or military missions in Brazil who lived in embassies on
Brazilian soil; crew and passengers of foreign ships in transit in
domestic ports; indigenous population living in tribes without
direct and permanent contact with civilization.

People who were present in the country on the data of
reference (Census day), including residents who were temporarily
absent from the country on the referred date for a period of no more
than 12 months.

Also included: Brazilians (and their
families) on diplomatic and military missions abroad; crew and
passengers of Brazilian ships that were not in domestic ports;
indigenous population living in villages, indigenous posts (postos
indigenas), and religious missions, or in other areas.

Not
included: indigenous population living in tribes without contact
with the outside, those preserving their primitive ways of life);
foreigners on foreign ships in transit in domestic ports or domestic
airports.

People who were present in the country on the date of
reference (Census day), including residents who were temporarily
absent from the country on the referred date for a period of no more
than 12 months.

Also included: indigenous population living
in villages, indigenous FUNAI posts (postos indigenas), and
religious missions, or in other areas.

Not included:
indigenous population living in tribes without contact with the
outside (those preserving their primitive ways of life).

All people in dwellings in the country (Territorio
Nacional). All residents of private (permanent and improvised) and
collective dwellings were enumerated on the reference
date.

Also included: people who were absent (for reasons of
vacation, education, work, or hospital stays, for less than 12
months) from their dwelling.

Embassies, consulates and
Brazilian representatives out of the country are considered National
Territory; however, they are not included in the Census (the
majority of Brazilian functionaries do not live on the grounds of
diplomatic missions).

De jure or de
facto

De jure and de facto

De jure and de facto

De jure and de facto

De jure

De jure

Enumeration unit

Dwelling

Dwelling

Dwelling

Dwelling

Dwelling

Census day

September 1st, 1960

September 1st, 1970

September 1st, 1980

September 1st, 1991

August 1st, 2000

Fieldwork period

From September, 1st to December 1960

From September, 1st to November 1970

From September, 1st to December 1980

From September, 1st to December 1991

From August, 1st to December 2000

Enumeration forms

Long and short enumeration forms. The short form
contains general information about the characteristics of the
dwelling and each of persons in the dwelling. The long form contains
general and more specific information about the characteristics of
the dwelling, families, and each of the people in the dwellings and
was applied to a 25% sample of the population.

Long and short enumeration forms. The short form
contains general information about the characteristics of the
dwelling and each of persons in the dwelling. The long form contains
general and more specific information about the characteristics of
the dwelling, families, and each of the people in the dwellings and
was applied to a 25% sample of the population.

Long and short enumeration forms. The short form
contains general information about the characteristics of the
dwelling and each of persons in the dwelling. The long form contains
general and more specific information about the characteristics of
the dwelling, families, and each of the people in the dwellings and
was applied to a 25% sample of the population.

Long and short enumeration forms. The short form
contains general information about the characteristics of the
dwelling and each of persons in the dwelling. The long form contains
general and more specific information about the characteristics of
the dwelling, families, and each of the people in the
dwellings.

The long form was applied to a 10% sample of the
population in municipalities with estimated populations greater than
15,000 and 20% in the remaining municipalities (Silva e Bianchini
1990).

Long and short enumeration forms. The short form
contains general information about the characteristics of the
dwelling and each of persons in the dwelling. The long form contains
general and more specific information about the characteristics of
the dwelling, families, and each of the people in the
dwellings.

The long form was applied to a 10% sample of the
population in municipalities with estimated populations greater than
15,000 and 20% in the remaining municipalities (Silva e Bianchini
1990).

Type of fieldwork

Direct enumeration. After a selection process,
interviewers and supervisors were hired and trained.

Direct enumeration. After a selection process,
interviewers and supervisors were hired and trained.

Direct enumeration for both short and long form. For
the short form, some areas were designated for self-enumeration.

Direct enumeration. After a selection process,
interviewers and supervisors were hired and trained.

Direct enumeration. After a selection process,
interviewers and supervisors were hired and trained.

Respondent

Interview the person responsible for the dwelling
(head of household), or, in that person's absence, interview another
person who lives there who has sufficient knowledge to answer all
the questions on the forms.

Interview the person responsible for the dwelling
(head of household), or, in that person's absence, interview another
person who lives there who has sufficient knowledge to answer all
the questions on the forms.

Interview the person responsible for the dwelling
(head of household), or, in that person's absence, interview another
person who lives there who has sufficient knowledge to answer all
the questions on the forms.

Interview the person responsible for the dwelling
(head of household), or, in that person's absence, interview another
person who lives there who has sufficient knowledge to answer all
the questions on the forms.

Interview the person responsible for the dwelling
(head of household), or, in that person's absence, interview another
person who lives there who has sufficient knowledge to answer all
the questions on the forms.

Coverage

No official estimates

No official estimates

No official estimates

No official estimates

No official estimates

Undercount

No official estimates

No official estimates

No official estimates

No official estimates

No official estimates

Microdata sample characteristics

1960

1970

1980

1991

2000

Microdata source

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística

Long-form sample
design

Systematic sample selected with the same probability
inside each census tract. A sample was taken of individual dwellings
and of families or individuals in "grupos conviventes" inside
collective dwellings with the same sample fraction for tract of that
municipality.

Each collective dwelling had a separate list
form - CD 3 - (Lista de Domicílio Coletivo) to select the families
or individuals for the sample.

A 25% sample was taken of
individual dwellings and of families or individuals in "grupo
conviventes".

**NOTE: Several states totaling approximately
one sixth of the national population are missing from the long-form
microdata, and are thus not included in the 1960 sample data. These
states are Rondônia, Acre, Amazonas, Roraima, Pará, Amapá, Maranhão,
Piauí, Espírito Santo, Guanabara, and Santa Catarina.

Systematic sample selected with the same probability
inside each census tract. A sample was taken of individual dwellings
and of families or individuals in "grupos conviventes" inside
collective dwellings with the same sample fraction for tract of that
municipality.

Each collective dwelling had a separate list
form - CD 1.03 - (Lista de Domicílio Coletivo) to select the
families or individuals for the sample.

A 25% sample was
taken of individual dwellings and of families or individuals in
"grupo conviventes".

Systematic sample selected with the same probability
inside each census tract. A sample was taken of individual dwellings
and of families or individuals in "grupos conviventes" inside
collective dwellings with the same sample fraction for tract of that
municipality.

Each collective dwelling had a separate list
form - CD 1.03 - (Lista de Domicílio Coletivo) to select the
families or individuals for the sample.

A 25% sample was
taken of individual dwellings and of families or individuals in
"grupo conviventes".

Systematic sample selected with the same probability
inside each census tract. A sample was taken of individual dwellings
and of families or individuals in "grupos conviventes" inside
collective dwellings with the same sample fraction for that tract in
the municipality (for instance, in large municipalities, 1 in 10
dwellings or, within collective dwellings, 1 in 10 families, or 1 in
10 individuals of "grupos conviventes").

There were two
distinct sample fractions: a 10% sample in municipalities with an
estimated population of greater than 15,000 inhabitants and a 20% of
the remaining municipalities.

Systematic sample selected with the same probability
inside each census tract. A sample was taken of individual dwellings
and of families or individuals in "grupos conviventes" inside
collective dwellings with the same sample fraction for that tract in
the municipality (for instance, in large municipalities, 1 in 10
dwellings or, within collective dwellings, 1 in 10 families, or 1 in
10 individuals of "grupos conviventes").

There were two
distinct sample fractions: a 10% sample in municipalities with an
estimated population of greater than 15,000 inhabitants and a 20% of
the remaining municipalities.

MPC sample design

Systematic sample of every fifth dwelling from the
long-form sample

Systematic sample of every fifth dwelling from the
long-form sample

Systematic sample of every fifth dwelling from the
long-form sample

Systematic sample of every second dwelling from the
long-form sample

Systematic sample of every second dwelling from the
long-form sample

Sample unit

Household (called "dwelling" in original sample)

Household (called "dwelling" in original sample)

Household (called "dwelling" in original sample)

Household (called "dwelling" in original sample)

Household (called "dwelling" in original
sample)

Sample fraction

5% (but excluding certain states; see above)

5%

5%

5.8% (approx.)

6.0% (approx.)

Sample size (person
records)

3,001,439

4,953,759

5,870,467

8,522,740

10,136,022

Sample weights

Weight field unreadable. Within rural and urban,
there is a very close match to published tabulations.

The MPC
sample assumes a weight appropriate to the theoretical 25% sample
density for the long-forms. Because the MPC sample includes every
fifth dwelling from the long-form data, all persons and households
receive a weight of 20, suggesting a 5% sample.

Ratio estimators were used to expand correctly to the
level of the municipality. These rates were fixed for the 46 control
groups at the municipality level.

When necessary, some
control groups were added together (i.e., when the expansion factor
was greater than 16 or the control group universe was less than
100).

Each person received an integer weight such that final
mean of the sample attained the true fraction of the universe. For
example, if 140 people were in the universe, 42 people would be
included in the sample, which gives an overall sampling ratio of
3.333. 28 persons were randomly selected to receive a weight of 3
and 14 received a weight of 4 such that a final mean of 3.333 was
attained.

For estimates of family characteristics, the weight
used is that attributed to the head of the family; for estimates of
household characteristics, the weight used is that attributed to the
head of dwelling.

The MPC takes every 5th dwelling for its
sample, and therefore multiplies all weights by 5.

Post-stratification employed by age groups, by sex,
by rural/urban, and by other characteristics asked of the universe
(short form). This generated a matrixes of 48 lines by 15 columns,
one for the universe and one for the sample. In an iterative way, a
weighting matrix was generated which was the matrix whose weights
are associated with each stratus.

Matrix marginals were used
to calculated the ratio estimators (rather than those for each
cell).

Each person received an integer weight such that the
final mean of the sample attained the true fraction of the universe,
as in 1970.

The MPC takes every 5th dwelling for its sample,
and therefore multiplies all weights by 5.

The expansion of the sample used Generalized Minimum
Least Squares in two stages (see Silva, Bianchini e Albieri 1993).
This method is based on a multivariate procedure in two stages
developed by Bankier (1990). This procedure is similar to that
developed by Statistics Canada used to weight the sample of the 1991
Canadian census.

Each dwelling in the sample has its own
weight, so each person of the dwelling has the same weight as the
dwelling's weight.

The weights are not necessarily integers
and they must not be substituted with integers because one would
violate the consistence of the restrictions employed for
adjustment.

The MPC takes every 2nd dwelling for its sample,
and therefore multiplies all weights by 2.

The expansion of the sample used Generalized Minimum
Least Squares with the imposition that the final weight could be no
less than 1 and no greater than 25 or 50, depending on the sampling
fraction, (20% and 10% samples, respectively).

This method is
based on a multivariate procedure in twostages developed by Bankier
(1990).

Each dwelling in the sample has its own weight, so
each person of the dwelling has the same weight as the dwelling's
weight.

The weights are not necessarily integers and they
must not be substituted with integers because one would violate the
consistencies of the restrictions employed for
adjustment.

Note: In order to obtain consistency with the
published Census tables, it is necessary that the estimates are
calculated in each table cell and that the row and column totals and
subtotals are obtained by summing the corresponding basic estimates,
after they have been rounded. A consequence of this procedure is
that the total for the same characteristics could vary slightly from
one table to another because of summing rounded numbers from the
cells. In the same way, the estimates for Brazil could differ from
the value obtained through summing the corresponding published
estimates for each state in the union.

The MPC takes every
2nd dwelling for its sample, and therefore multiplies all weights by
2.

Units identified

1960

1970

1980

1991

2000

Dwellings

No (dwellings in original sample are interpreted as
households in IPUMS)

No (dwellings in original sample are interpreted as
households in IPUMS)

No (dwellings in original sample are interpreted as
households in IPUMS)

No (dwellings in original sample are interpreted as
households in IPUMS)

No (dwellings in original sample are interpreted as
households in IPUMS)

Vacant units

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Closed units (dwellings
fechados)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Unit definitions

1960

1970

1980

1991

2000

Households

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Families

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Individuals

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Group quarters

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Indigenous
population

Yes, with exceptions (see above).

Yes, with exceptions (see above).

Yes, with exceptions (see above).

Yes, with exceptions (see above).

Yes

Households

Structurally independent living quarters, consisting
of one or more rooms with a private entrance, serving up to three
families.

Structurally independent living quarters, consisting
of one or more rooms with a private entrance, serving up to three
families.

Structurally independent living quarters, consisting
of one or more rooms with a private entrance, serving up to three
families.

Structurally independent living quarters, consisting
of one or more rooms with a private entrance, serving up to five
families.

Structurally independent living quarters, consisting
of one or more rooms with a private entrance.

Families

Group related by kinship; individuals living alone;
or group of no more than 5 persons living together in a private
household.
The sole "Relationship to head" question is expressed
relative to the head of family, not the head of household.

Group related by kinship; individuals living alone;
or group of no more than 5 persons living together in a private
household.
The sole "Relationship to head" question is expressed
relative to the head of family, not the head of household.

Group related by kinship; individuals living alone;
or group of no more than 5 persons living together in a private
household.

—

—

Group quarters

Group living together under relations of
administrative subordination; group of six or more persons not
related by kinship; or a dwelling with more than 3 families.

Group living together under relations of
administrative subordination; group of six or more persons not
related by kinship; or a dwelling with more than 3 families.

Group living together under relations of
administrative subordination; group of six or more persons not
related by kinship; or a dwelling with more than 3 families.

Group living together under relations of
administrative subordination; or a dwelling with more than 5
families.

Group living together under relations of
administrative subordination.

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