Maritime expansion: Mediterranean, Africa, and the Atlantic

• Mediterranean
  • ship construction, navigational innovations, trade and plantations

• Atlantic
  • Madeira, Azores, Cape Verde Islands, Canaries (Castille: 1402, 1478, 1482, 1493)

• Africa Portuguese, 1460: 1500 miles
  • “factories”: slaving, trading, gold, ivory, spices: Sao Jorge de Mina (1481, Ghana)

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