Table 1. Age Distribution of Deaths by Site and Source
    Age
Source site 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70+
HNWH Database
Arriaza AZ1 Maitas Brazil 8 13 8 9 17 7 5 9 6 11 15 9 0 0 0 0
MR1 Preceramic 15 6 5 4 8 10 8 13 19 14 2 4 0 0 0 0
Buikstra CHB Chiribaya 39 75 40 16 21 25 16 45 22 27 11 11 12 3 0 0
ESB Estuquina 60 47 47 33 27 25 22 15 84 26 17 21 2 0 0 0
SGB San Geronimo 13 17 6 3 2 6 6 12 10 11 3 7 3 0 0 0
Condon 41D Dallas TX 309 129 29 25 46 34 83 129 109 86 36 27 9 0 0 1
Larsen 214 Irene Mound 0 21 13 10 46 39 10 9 10 4 5 3 0 0 0 0
301 Santa Catalina 0 22 44 22 36 58 51 33 40 8 2 0 0 0 0 0
303 Amelia Island FL 4 16 8 4 7 1 6 5 17 20 17 9 0 1 0 0
Marquez CO2 Cholula MX 20 27 25 5 9 15 14 27 23 18 7 2 7 1 0 0
CUI Cuicuilco MX 1 7 3 2 5 7 6 18 24 15 16 8 4 0 0 0
TL2 Tlatilco MX 0 11 6 3 12 11 18 18 33 17 20 7 4 2 1 0
TL4 Tlatilco MX 1 11 9 7 6 6 12 22 16 28 16 14 7 0 0 0
Martin haw Hawikku NM 24 16 12 13 18 31 18 13 15 8 10 3 5 0 0 0
la8 San Cristobal NM 23 43 22 6 24 25 26 28 19 12 19 6 6 0 0 0
Neves LNP S. Brazil 0 1 2 0 5 16 19 13 22 15 32 0 1 0 0 0
Owsley WW7 Swan Creek 29 17 9 3 14 14 8 18 11 11 8 4 1 0 2 0
Rathbun FAB Philadelphia 14 12 4 1 0 6 6 10 8 9 5 2 3 4 1 0
Saunders stt Belleville ON 146 93 34 9 4 22 11 22 35 31 42 24 20 30 0 0
Sciulli BUF Buffalo 21 8 8 5 7 8 9 11 12 7 3 0 2 0 0 0
MON Monongahel 20 11 14 8 7 7 7 17 11 9 6 2 2 0 0 0
PEA Pearson 9 14 11 12 6 6 5 12 12 3 3 2 0 1 0 0
SUN Sunwatch 52 16 4 4 8 3 5 13 14 11 6 0 2 0 0 0
Sirianna HPK Highland Park 23 32 8 3 12 4 26 4 59 6 46 1 31 2 18 0
Storey co9 Copan Urban 36 59 12 5 7 7 7 10 13 24 17 13 9 9 11 0
Ubelaker cot Cotocollao 0 2 1 1 3 8 21 13 16 9 6 9 0 0 0 0
Walker none analyzed
Published skeletal datasets
Angel (1969) Athens, Agora, Corinth 39 15 9 3 4 7 5 13 11 9 15 7 0 5 2 0
Lerna 84 30 10 8 8 7 17 24 19 14 9 2 1 1 0 0
Karatas Anatolia 156 25 26 24 18 30 60 50 39 18 9 6 1 0 0 0
Nea Nikomedeia 27 6 16 12 3 8 12 7 9 3 2 0 0 0 0 0
Çatal Hüyük Anatolia 152 24 24 16 20 32 45 48 29 27 9 3 0 3 0 0
Lallo et al. (1980) Dickson Mounds hunter 25 0 17 0 14 0 12 0 16 0 20 0 10 0 0 0
transitional 75 0 27 0 39 0 19 0 20 0 34 0 10 0 0 0
agricultural 83 0 27 0 23 0 24 0 27 0 25 0 10 0 0 0
Howell (1982) Libben OH 226 170 117 94 92 63 78 115 154 97 50 33 0 0 0 0
Milner et al. (1989) Oneota 92 32 18 0 24 0 32 0 24 0 42 0 0 0 0 0
Mensforth (1990) Carlston KY 76 29 17 14 27 35 34 31 22 20 18 13 9 6 3 0
Sciulli et al. (1996) Sandusky OH 67 52 40 33 32 39 26 45 55 14 10 10 0 0 0 0
Storey & Hirth (1997) El Cajón 26 12 5 3 2 10 12 17 18 13 8 7 1 5 8 0
Hooton (1930) Pecos NM 0 13 23 11 41 33 18 23 68 64 73 65 66 29 20 40
Todd (Weiss 1973) Scarborough, England 9 0 16 4 8 4 6 7 18 20 15 12 16 7 0 1
Acsádi et al. (Weiss 1973) Hungary 198 0 111 23 56 28 57 54 48 45 51 50 75 56 56 24
Green et al. (Weiss 1973) Meinarti, Sudan 10 59 17 8 7 50 33 25 15 19 11 1 0 0 0 0
Bocquet-Appel & Bacro (1997) Loisy-en-Brie 4 15 15 7 9 10 104 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Historical datasets from Burial Registers
Walker et al. (1988) Purisima CA 1813-49 281 70 61 19 70 76 79 89 102 91 94 77 72 78 69 163
Rabell (unpublished) San Luis Paz MX 18th c 320 260 53 35 36 36 36 37 36 29 29 29 29 34 36 54
McCaa (unpublished) Parral MX 1828-43 0 1348 111 79 115 124 160 157 86 142 104 197 99 171 383 0
Tacuba MX 1680s 3 2 5 5 23 41 31 36 16 28 20 9 11 28 17 31
Haines (from Jaffee and Lourie 1942) 44 New Eng. towns 1830 0 0 304 149 252 750 0 626 0 506 0 482 0 607 0 828
New Haven-Salem 1830s 0 0 179 84 175 544 0 402 0 383 0 339 0 298 0 358
Boston, NYC, Phila. 0 0 4988 2100 3209 15192 0 15598 0 10887 0 7051 0 5270 0 3581
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Table 2. Calibrating the demography of skeletal data with the uniformitarian hypothesis:
Coale and Demeny (1983): Females, Model West, mean age at maternity = 29 years If the rate of natural increase (per thousand population) per annum was: and the gross reproduction ratio (average number of female children born to women who survive to age 45) was: then the crude birth rate per thousand population would have been:
crude birth rate -20.0 -10.0 0 10.0 20.0
90 4.3 4.8 5.5 - -
80 3.8 4.6 5.4 6.5 -
70 3.2 3.9 4.7 5.7 7.0
60 2.6 3.3 4.0 5.0 6.1
50 2.0 2.6 3.4 4.2 5.2
40 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.2 3.9
30 - 1.4 2.0 2.6 3.2
20 - - 1.4 2.0 2.6
and the life expectancy at birth (e0 in years) would have been:
crude birth rate -20.0 -10.0 0 10.0 20.0
90 - - 11 14 17
80 - 10 12 16 20
70 9 11 14 18 23
60 10 13 17 21 28
50 12 15 19 26 34
40 14 19 25 33 45
30 19 25 33 46 -
20 26 35 50 - -
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Table 3. Calibrating the Buikstra Ratio
mortality level gross reproduction ratio
25P5 (%) A. Proportions surviving from age 5 to age 30 (d30+/d5+)
Coale and Demeny, Region West
e0 (years) 2 3 4 5 6
20 77.9 67.4 59.0 52.1 46.6
30 77.0 65.5 56.3 49.1 43.4
40 77.9 65.9 56.3 48.6 42.6
50 80.4 68.4 58.4 50.3 43.9


B. Proportions from Skeletal Data
Source Mnemonic Description N age 5+ 25P5 -95% CI +95% CI
HNWH Database
Arriaza AZ1 Maitas Brazil 96 52.1 42.1 62.1
MR1 Preceramic 87 59.8 49.5 70.1
Buikstra CHB Chiribaya 249 52.6 46.4 58.8
ESB Estuquina 319 51.7 46.2 57.2
SGB San Geronimo 69 66.7 55.5 77.8
Condon 41D Dallas TX 614 64.7 60.9 68.4
Larsen 214 Irene Mound 149 20.8 14.3 27.3
301 Santa Catalina 294 28.2 23.1 33.4
303 Amelia Island FL 95 72.6 63.7 81.6
Marquez CO2 Cholula MX 153 55.6 47.7 63.4
CUI Cuicuilco MX 108 78.7 71.0 86.4
TL2 Tlatilco MX 152 67.1 59.6 74.6
TL4 Tlatilco MX 143 72.0 64.7 79.4
Martin haw Hawikku NM 146 37.0 29.2 44.8
la8 San Cristobal NM 193 46.6 39.6 53.7
Neves LNP Southern Brazil 125 66.4 58.1 74.7
Owsley WW7 Swan Creek Plains 103 53.4 43.8 63.0
Rathbun FAB Philadelphia PA 59 71.2 59.6 82.7
Saunders stt Belleville ON 284 71.8 66.6 77.1
Sciulli BUF Buffalo 72 48.6 37.1 60.2
MON Monongahel 90 52.2 41.9 62.5
PEA Pearson 73 45.2 33.8 56.6
SUN Sunwatch 70 65.7 54.6 76.8
Sirianna HPK Highland Park 220 75.9 70.3 81.6
Storey co9 Copan Urban 144 73.6 66.4 80.8
Ubelaker cot Cotocollao 87 60.9 50.7 71.2
Published skeletal datasets
Angel Athens, Agora, Corinth 90 68.9 59.3 78.5
Lerna 120 58.3 49.5 67.2
Karatas Anatolia 281 43.8 38.0 49.6
Nea Nikomedeia Macedonia 72 29.2 18.7 39.7
Çatal Hüyük Anatolia 256 46.5 40.4 52.6
Lallo et al. Dickson Mounds hunter 89 51.7 41.3 62.1
transitional 149 43.0 35.0 50.9
agricultural 136 45.6 37.2 54.0
Howell Libben OH 893 50.3 47.0 53.6
Milner Oneota 140 47.1 38.9 55.4
Mensforth Carlston KY 249 49.0 42.8 55.2
Sciulli et al. Sandusky OH 304 44.1 38.5 49.7
Storey & Hirth El Cajón, Honduras 109 70.6 62.1 79.2
Hooton Pecos NM 574 78.0 74.7 81.4
Todd Scarborough, England 134 71.6 64.0 79.3
Acsádi et al. Hungary 734 62.5 59.0 66.0
Green et al. Meinarti, Sudan 186 38.2 31.2 45.2
Bocquet-Appel Loisy-en-Brie, France 145 - - -
Historical datasets from Burial Registers
Walker Purisima CA 1813-49 1140 73.2 70.7 75.8
Rabell San Luis Paz MX 18th c 509 61.5 57.3 65.7
McCaa Parral MX 1828-43 1928 69.5 67.4 71.5
Tacuba MX 1680s 301 65.1 59.7 70.5
Haines 44 New Eng. towns 1830s 4504 67.7 66.3 69.1
New Haven-Salem 1830s 2762 64.4 62.7 66.2
Boston, NYC, Phila. 67876 62.4 62.1 62.8
Sources: See table 1.
Note. Data for Lallo and Milner use my interpolations of deaths at age 30-34.
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Table 4. Calibrating the Bocquet-Appel and Masset Ratio
 Deaths aged 5-14/Deaths 20+ (d5-14/d20+)
A. Calibrations from model populations
Coale and Demeny, Region West
mortality level gross reproduction ratio
d5-14/d20+ (%)
e0 (years) 2 3 4 5 6
20 8.0 14.5 21.5 28.6 35.8
30 9.0 16.8 25.2 33.8 42.5
40 9.0 17.2 26.3 35.8 45.4
50 8.0 15.9 24.9 34.5 44.2


B. Proportions from Skeletal Data
where e0= 20 30 40
Source Description d5-14d0+ calibrated GRR
HNWH Database
Arriaza AZ1 Maitas Brazil 27.4 4.8 4.2 4.1
MR1 Preceramic 12.8 2.7 2.4 2.4
Buikstra CHB Chiribaya 32.6 5.5 4.8 4.6
ESB Estuquina 37.7 6.2 5.4 5.2
SGB San Geronimo 15.5 3.1 2.8 2.7
Condon 41D Dallas TX 10.5 2.3 2.1 2.1
Larsen 214 Irene Mound 28.8 5.0 4.4 4.2
301 Santa Catalina 34.4 5.8 5.0 4.8
303 Amelia Island FL 15.8 3.1 2.8 2.8
Marquez CO2 Cholula MX 26.3 4.6 4.1 4.0
CUI Cuicuilco MX 5.1 . . .
TL2 Tlatilco MX 6.9 . . .
TL4 Tlatilco MX 13.2 2.8 2.5 2.5
Martin haw Hawikku NM 24.3 4.3 3.8 3.7
la8 San Cristobal NM 19.8 3.7 3.3 3.2
Neves LNP Southern Brazil 1.7 . . .
Owsley WW7 Swan Creek Plains 15.6 3.1 2.8 2.7
Rathbun FAB Philadelphia PA 9.3 2.1 2.0 2.0
Saunders stt Belleville ON 18.1 3.5 3.1 3.0
Sciulli BUF Buffalo 25.0 4.4 3.9 3.8
MON Monongahel 36.1 6.0 5.2 5.0
PEA Pearson 52.3 . . 6.6
SUN Sunwatch 14.8 3.0 2.7 2.7
Sirianna HPK Highland Park 5.6 . . .
Storey co9 Copan Urban 14.2 2.9 2.6 2.6
Ubelaker cot Cotocollao 2.4 . . .
Published skeletal datasets
Angel Athens, Agora, Corinth 16.2 3.2 2.9 2.8
Lerna 19.1 3.6 3.2 3.2
Karatas Anatolia 23.5 4.2 3.7 3.6
Nea Nikomedeia Macedonia 68.3 . . .
Çatal Hüyük Anatolia 20.4 3.8 3.4 3.3
Lallo et al. Dickson Mounds hunter 29.3 5.0 4.4 4.3
transitional 32.5 5.5 4.8 4.6
agricultural 31.4 5.3 4.7 4.5
Howell Libben OH 35.8 5.9 5.2 5.0
Milner Oneota 18.4 3.5 3.1 3.1
Mensforth Carlston KY 16.2 3.2 2.9 2.8
Sciulli et al. Sandusky OH 36.7 6.1 5.3 5.0
Storey & Hirth El Cajón, Honduras 8.1 2.0 . .
Hooton Pecos NM 6.8 . . .
Todd Scarborough, England 18.9 3.6 3.2 3.1
Acsádi et al. Hungary 24.6 4.4 3.9 3.8
Green et al. Meinarti, Sudan 16.2 3.2 2.9 2.8
Bocquet-Appel Loisy-en-Brie, France 19.3 3.6 3.2 3.2
Historical datasets from Burial Registers
Walker Purisima CA 1813-49 8.1 2.0 . .
Rabell San Luis Paz MX 18th c 22.8 4.1 3.7 3.6
McCaa Parral MX 1828-43 11.7 2.5 2.3 2.3
Tacuba MX 1680s 3.7 . . .
Haines 44 New Eng. towns 1830s 11.9 2.6 2.3 2.3
New Haven-Salem 1830s 11.3 2.5 2.2 2.2
Boston, NYC, Phila. 12.3 2.6 2.4 2.4
Sources: See table 1.
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