Independence with hardly a battle
Brazil from colony to metropolis, 1808
- Abortive conspiracies, 1780-90s: Teeth-puller (Tiradentes), 1788; Tailors (Bahia), 1798
- House of Braganza fleed Napoleon’s armies to Rio, 1808 on British warships
- “So heavy a branch [Brazil], cannot long remain on so rotten a trunk [Portugal].”
Restoration of Joao VI to Lisbon, 1821
- renois (peninsulars) vs. macombos (creoles)
- 1815, Lisbon nobles pressure for Joao VI’s return
Accession of Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil, 1822
- Jan, 1822, in response to a petition of Braziliand citizens to Pedro: “Fico” [I stay].